These muscles come down at an angle and are located laterally to your abdominal muscles. A transverse plane also called a horizontal plane is easy to remember because it is the only plane that runs horizontally, dividing the body or structure into a top superior and bottom inferior half. The frontal plane also called coronal plane is a plane that runs vertically from top to bottom and left to right , and it divides the body into a front anterior portion and a back posterior portion.
Again, let the name help you. The frontal plane will literally leave you with a front and back section! Ready to test your knowledge?
There are three basic reference planes used in anatomy: the sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane. Body planes are hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the body into sections. They are commonly used in both human and zoological anatomy to describe the location or direction of bodily structures. Reference planes are the standard planes used in anatomical terminology and include:.
While these are the major reference planes of the body, other planes are commonly used in relation to these three. A longitudinal plane is any plane perpendicular to the transverse plane, while parasaggital planes are parallel to the saggital plane.
The coronal plane, the sagittal plane, and the parasaggital planes are examples of longitudinal planes. Anatomical Planes in a Human : There are three basic planes in zoological anatomy: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. A human in the anatomical position, can be described using a coordinate system with the Z-axis going from front to back, the X-axis going from left to right, and the Y-axis going from up to down. By imaging a patient in standard anatomical position, a radiologist can build an X-Y-Z axis around the patient to apply body planes to the images.
Individual organs can also be divided by planes to help identify smaller structures within that organ. Body planes are used to describe anatomical motion in the X-Y-Z coordinate system that the body moves through.
Anatomical change during embryological development is also described and measured with body planes. For example, during human embryonic development the coronal plane is horizontal, but becomes vertical as the embryo develops into a fetus.
In comparative embryology, body planes provide a basis for comparing the ways in which different types of organisms develop anatomically within the womb. By the broadest definition, a body cavity is any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space where internal organs develop, located between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity.
Blood vessels are not considered cavities but may be held within cavities. They usually contains protective membranes and sometimes bones that protect the organs.
Anatomical terminology for body cavities : Humans have multiple body cavities, including the cranial cavity, the vertebral cavity, the thoracic cavity containing the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavity , the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.
In mammals, the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The dorsal cavity is a continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of the body.
It houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. The meninges is a multi-layered membrane within the dorsal cavity that envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord.
The cranial cavity is the anterior portion of the dorsal cavity consisting of the space inside the skull. This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. The vertebral cavity is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column.
These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal cord, and the fluid-filled spaces between them. This is the most narrow of all body cavities, sometimes described as threadlike. The ventral cavity, the interior space in the front of the body, contains many different organ systems.
The organs within the ventral cavity are also called viscera. The ventral cavity has anterior and posterior portions divided by the diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs. The thoracic cavity is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso.
It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and the thymus gland. The thoracic cavity is lined by two types of mesothelium, a type of membrane tissue that lines the ventral cavity: the pleura lining of the lungs, and the pericadium lining of the heart.
The abdominoplevic cavity is the posterior ventral body cavity found beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm. It is generally divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The abdominal cavity is not contained within bone and houses many organs of the digestive and renal systems, as well as some organs of the endocrine system, such as the adrenal glands. The pelvic cavity is contained within the pelvis and houses the bladder and reproductive system.
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a type of mesothelium called the peritoneum. Anatomists and medical personnel divide the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller regions to facilitate study and discussion. These divisions are often used to categorize the individual abdominal organs by their location and function and are used by clinicians to help diagnose the source of abdominal pain and determine appropriate treatment.
The most common divisions for the abdominopelvic region are the four quadrants and nine regions. Abdominal nine divisions a and quadrant regions b : The abdomen is subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas. The abdominopelvic region can be divided into four quadrants.
These quadrants are defined by the intersection of the saggital plane with the umbilical plane the transverse plane through the navel.
Clinicians use these regions to determine the organs and tissues that may be causing pain or discomfort in that region.
The right upper quadrant contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine. Pain in this region is associated with infection and inflammation in the gallbladder and liver or peptic ulcers in the stomach. The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, part of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine.
Pain in this region is associated with malrotation of the intestine and colon. In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right half of the female reproductive system, and the right ureter.
Pain in this region is most commonly associated with appendicitis. Reference planes are the standard planes used in anatomical terminology and include:. While these are the major reference planes of the body, other planes are commonly used in relation to these three. A longitudinal plane is any plane perpendicular to the transverse plane, while parasaggital planes are parallel to the saggital plane.
The coronal plane, the sagittal plane, and the parasaggital planes are examples of longitudinal planes. Anatomical Planes in a Human : There are three basic planes in zoological anatomy: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. A human in the anatomical position, can be described using a coordinate system with the Z-axis going from front to back, the X-axis going from left to right, and the Y-axis going from up to down.
By imaging a patient in standard anatomical position, a radiologist can build an X-Y-Z axis around the patient to apply body planes to the images. Individual organs can also be divided by planes to help identify smaller structures within that organ. Body planes are used to describe anatomical motion in the X-Y-Z coordinate system that the body moves through.
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